Literature Review and Conceptyal Framework

Running head LITERATURE REVIEW 1 Literature Review and Conceptual Framework Juvenile sport Programs/IPS Julie I Carter Capella University PSF8374-Currenr Research on Violent Behavior Dr.Rob Hanser LITERATURE REVIEW 2 Literature Review and Conceptual Framework History The invoice of diverting arrested news from form-only(prenominal) processing began with the birth of the teenage begs. Conceived in the late 19th century, teenaged justice cope throughd for a rehabilitation-based response to juveniles illegal behavior.Punitive sanctions being certain by youth in felonious courts were being set aside in the juvenile courts. Thus, in its infancy, juvenile justice could be construed as a digression computer programme. Considered to be in the best interest of the juvenile and society, juvenile justice diverted youth from criminal proceedings by providing dispositions that were much(prenominal) attuned to the potential to change the young offenders behavior, and lives throug h clinical services, special rehabilitation programs, and tight educational guidance. (Models, 2010) First adopted by the crowing criminal justice system, was the idea of pleasure.This idea became the topic of discussion within the juvenile justice system in the 1960s. The Presidents Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of judge recommended exploring alternatives for addressing the needs of troubled juveniles outside of the court system in 1967. In 76, the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency bar Special Emphasis Branch supplied 10 million dollars in funding specifically for the development of diversion programs. These efforts were strictly driven by the belief that these types of programs would matter many enefits, such as allowing juveniles the option to choose an alternative to court, providing more treatment at the community level, increasing family participation, and most important, reducing the stigma associated with the formal juvenile justice system. (Models, 2010) As diversion has been practiced and even discussed for nearly four decades, some would contend that there is little consistency in the legal injury of what actually constitutes a diversion process or program, they do however agree on the common goal among these programs which is to minimize the juveniles involvement in the juvenile justice system.LITERATURE REVIEW 3 Theoretical Concepts As measured by program evaluations and follow-up studies, the effectiveness of diversion programs has varied greatly from one program to the next. The successful programs, such as the Intensive Prevention Services (IPS) initiative in Philadelphia, provide very direct services that include only if be not limited to parenting education, intensive family counseling, and behavioral contracting.One of the main concepts that gave birth to the development of this program was the labeling perspective. This theory or perspective, if you will, argues that juveniles who commit minor offences become habitual offenders callable to being singled out for negative recognition. This has been noted as creating and reinforcing the juveniles, as well as societys view, that they are criminals. divergence programming thusly is designed to assist in avoiding these negative labels that accompany formal case processing. Roberts, 2004) In 1979, Paternoster, et al. explored the extent to which juveniles discriminate between formal court processing that results in incarceration and informal diversion processing with reference to perceptions of accrued stigma and/or liabilities. The perception of the juveniles was measured in terms of school performance maternal relationships, relationships with peers desired employment, and future involvement with the law. (Blomberg, n. d. The findings indicated only in the peer relationships area was there a notable difference between the perceptions of diverted and incarcerated juveniles. When control was do for the effects of prior social liabi lities, such as social class or race, the results remained constant. Therefore one could conclude that to the extent perceptions of stigma have implications for consequent behavior, it makes little difference whether or not juveniles receive diversion or formally travel tod jail time.In simple terms, the type of treatment would appear to not be significant in shaping self-perceptions. (Blomberg, n. d. ) LITERATURE REVIEW 4 Supporters of diversion continue to argue that programs are slight stigmatizing than formal court involvement, provide juveniles with services that they would not have otherwise received, and result in reductions in the rate of recidivism.In contrast, opponents argue that diversion programs have extended social control to juveniles who would ordinarily be released back to the community, may actually increase recidivism, do not prevent stigmatation, and can lead to the disproportionate representation of minorities. As Akers (1994) explains, the labeling theory pushes front the thesis that persons who are labeled and/or dramatically stigmatized as deviant, are more than likely to take on a deviant self-identity and become more, kind of than less deviant than if they had not been so labeled.Theoretically, a label of deviant, juvenile offender or delinquent can affect the way that a juvenile comes to define him/herself which influences future criminal behaviors, and dictates the social roles the juvenile is allowed to assume. (Dick, Pence, Jones & Geertsen, 2004) With that noted, some research has also suggested that diversion actually increases recidivism, however early studies found little or no difference in the recidivism rates between diverted and non-diverted youth.Yet still others have found that, regardless of the setting, interventions can as well increase perceived labeling and self-reported delinquency among youth. (Elliott, Dunford & Knowles, 1978) What was found to be consistent with the last group of finding was the work don e latter by Lemet (1981) that suggest that these treatment interventions can impose stigma on juveniles which leads to secondary deviance. This study would be responsible for raising the possibility that diversion programs may widen the net of the state system by taking in juveniles who otherwise may have not come into contact with the system.What is important to point out here is that many of these studies were flawed collectable to the difficulties researchers encountered when constructing comparison groups for the purpose of evaluation. LITERATURE REVIEW 5 Contemporary Research There have been so many different policies called diversion that the term has come to cover polices as diverse as doing nothing to programs indistinguishable from the existing practices of juvenile justice.While these policies have produced better procedural justice for juveniles, reduced the detained and institutionalized universe of discourse of juveniles placing them under the jurisdiction of state a nd/or local family service agencies, these polices have not resulted in the intended changes in the behaviors of the diverted youth. (Akers & Sellers, 2009) Recent studies on diversion programs have produced more positive results. In fact, in a study of the Detention Diversion Advocacy Project it was found that juveniles that were diverted to diversion programs were less likely than their counterparts to be referred to out-of-home placement. Sheldon, 1999) In Michigan an evaluation of their state diversion project yielded that juveniles that were randomly assigned to one of the several diversion program dodge groups were significantly less likely to have any court petitions filed against them during the two years following release from the program compared to the control group. The results shown here cannot help but suggest that the active hands on intervention provided by diversion programming works better that the normal process of court processing juvenile offenders. The catch, i t works best if they have been thoroughly separated from the system. Davidson, Redner, Blakely, Mitchell & Emshoff, 1987) There is a wealth of evaluations of pretrial conference diversionary programs, and more comprehensive literature about the pretrial diversion work is dated. One of the critical challenges noted for the criminal justice field is developing and cataloging an appropriate research design for diversion programs. Researchers in the field need to actively pursue this challenge in order to determine the scope, as well as the worth of diversion programming in the criminal justice community. (Bellassai, Galloway.Hubbard, Oeller & Sayler, 2006) LITERATURE REVIEW 6 In Philadelphia, there are several emerging practices in the diversion program initiative. First they have utilize written policies and procedures for diversion programs that are backed by a formal mission statement. This is deemed as critical as a clearly defined and articulate mission statement, goals, and objectives are the cornerstone of effective programs.In a survey conducted by the National Association of Pretrial Services Agencies, nearly 90% of all respondents in their study had written policies and procedures in place. (Bellassai et al. , 2006) Nationwide, pretrial diversion concepts have found increased legitimacy. Nearly all states now have pretrial statues that have every been enacted or updated since 2000, and are as diverse as diversion programs themselves. Diversion program today tend to feature a wider array of programs that are more diverse than their predecessors in practice, and administrative location.However, these programs are still united by the ultimate goal of offering viable alternatives to juveniles whose criminal behaviors are addressed much more effectively outside the realm of traditional case processing. (Bellassai, 2006) Recommendations The biggest challenge to pretrial diversion programs and criminal justice planners is the lack of the strong research that is demand in the field.One accomplishment of such a broad-based study would be the examination of the nature of the relationship with the theory of labeling and the potential synergy within the current problem-solving court model. The benefit here would come as such a study would be enumerable and provide an evidenced-based foundation for communities to make sound decisions about diversion programming. (Bellassai. 2006) LITERATURE REVIEW 7 References Akers, R.L. & Sellers, C. S. (2009) Criminological Theories. New York, NY Oxford University Press Bellassai, J. , Galloway, K. , Hubbard, A. , Oeller, C. & Sayler, J. (2006) Promising practices in pretrial diversion. Retrieved November 10, 2012 from http//www. ojp. usdoj. gov/BJA/about/index. html Blomberg, T. G. (n. d. ) Widening the net An anomaly in the evaluation of diversion programs. Retrieved November, 9, 2012 from http//www. criminology. fsu. edu/crimtheory/blomberg/netwidening. html Davidson, W. S. , Redner, R. , Blakely , C. H. Mitchell, C. M. & Emshoff, J. G. (1987) Diversion of juvenile Offenders An experimental comparison. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 55(1) 68-75 Dick, A. J. , Pence, D. J. , Jones, R. M. & Geertsen, H. R. (2004) The need for theory in assessing peer courts. American Scientist 471448-61 Elliot, D. S. , Dunford, F. W. & Knowles, B. A. (1978) A Study of Alternative Processing Practices An Overview of Initial Study Findings. Boulder, CO B. R. Institute Models for Change Systems Reform in Juvenile Justice, July 2010.Retrieved from http//www. modelsforchange. net Paternoster, R. , Waldo, G. , Chiricos, T. & Anderson, L. (1979) The Stigma of Diversion Labeling in the Juvenile Justice System. Beverly Hills. CA Sage Publications Roberts, A. R. (2004) Emergence and proliferation of juvenile diversion programs. New York, NY Oxford University Press Sheldon, R. G. (1999) Detention Diversion Advocacy An Evaluation. Juvenile Justice Bulletin. Washington, D. C. U. S. Departmen t of Justice, Office of Juvenile and Delinquency Prevention.

Claudius has been presented in the theatre as a worthy King Essay

Claudius has been presented in the theatre as a worthy King and Polonius as an amiable and sensible father. What is your response to the ways in which Shakespeare presents sensation of these characters?It is onerous to judge the character of Polonius in Shakespeares village, due to the fact Shakespeare presents many of the events not only by Hamlets eyes, but the eyes of Polonius children and the King, and through these different people he is presented in different ways. However, there is a great deal more to this multi-faceted character in the play, as his presence and actions in the play is of great importance, before and after his death.Polonius is presented in different ways in various stage productions usually, he is presented as a wise man, and one with great influence upon his son and daughter, Laertes and Ophelia, and of a man highly respected by King Claudius, Queen Gertrude and the people of Denmark. Despite this, he fire start out a rather comic character, if the com pany wishes Hamlet to be presented more positively. As Polonius is presented through different productions in different ways, it is difficult to evaluate his on-key nature.As the play is largely presented through Hamlets eyes, it is from him we draw many of our opinions. It is eventually Hamlet that kills Polonius, stabbing him through the arras, and Hamlet who sends him off with such(prenominal) harsh words as a foolish, prating knave it can be said that he encompasses aspects of this statement, as we see in different separate of the play. However, to be deeply cynical of Polonius is somewhat hard to do. Polonius, in the eyes of Claudius, the Queen, the words and actions of Laertes, Ophelia and the Danish people, and the obediency of Reynaldo give us a more reasoned insight into Polonius.Polonius can be seen as foolish mainly when talking to his servant, Reynaldo, wherein he directs Reynaldo as to how to spy on Laertes. During his speech, Polonius gets wrapped up in his own words, and seems to lose the points he is trying to get acrossAnd then, sir, does a this he does what was Iabout to say? By the mass I was about to saysomething. Where did I move over?Shakespeare also transfers from blank verse into prose, accentuating Polonius loss of grip.However, this may actually be cleverly checking if Reynaldo is listening the fact he quotes him directly endure At closes in the consequence, at friend or so, / and, gentlemen suggests many positive factors. For one, it is a reflection on Polonius authority and importance that Reynaldo remains attentive and quotes him back perfectly. Also, if this is a trick, Polonius may feel the matter is so important to his sons welfare that he needs to test Reynaldo to see if he truly is listening so that the surveillance can be perfectly executed.Polonius may be seen to lose his grip in his bouts of prating to the King and Queen in parts of the play too. His speech to Claudius and Gertrude concerning Hamlets madness is a prime example of Polonius prattling, as we see in his long-winded build up to his conclusion, that Hamlet is madTherefore, since brevity is the soul of wit,And tediousness the limbs and outward flourishes,I will be brief. Your noble son is mad..

Frederick Douglass and Richard Wright Essay

There are many similarities and differences between the two mental seeds, some of these are deep within, some stand out. The main focus is not only to understand the differences and similarities of the two, but also the qualities and characteristics of these writers consist of. Each author displays qualities that illustrate their identity. It is of import that we, as usherers, understand the authors inspiring and intellectual words that portray who they are on the outside and the inside. I believe the authors show analogy and difference to each some other in many ways. Family, desire to take aim, and the way they portray people, are some of these ways.Both Douglass and Wright have the uncontrollable urge to learn with their experiences, it make it difficult for them to succeed. There are many examples of this struggle. One example would be when Mrs. old had to stop training little Frederick how to immortalise and write. As he reflects, The most interesting feature of my lif e here was learning to read and write, under somewhat label disadvantages (Douglass 458). This shows how Frederick really loved reading he had a huge lovemaking for it. When Mrs. Auld had to refrain from teaching Frederick, it put matters into his own hands. He struggles everyday on the nose to get reading and writing lessons. He finally has to pay a tuition fee to the young white children in his neighborhood for a lesson. This event made times tough for Frederick. Giving up belongings is the only thing he could do to cure his urge. It is sad because the reason Mrs. Auld had to refrain from teaching Richard was because of her husband.He didnt approve of slaves to learn. bondage in general plays an important role in Fredericks life bingle reason is because it was against the law for slaves to read. This made it real hard for Frederick to learn how to read and write, he would be forced to receive his education secretively. If Fredericks learning were to ever be discovered by the public, punishment would take place and peradventure result in death. Although reading wasnt against the law for Richard, he still had to give away money and steal food to succeed alike Frederick. They both had that powerful urge and they would do whatever it took to fulfill their passions. Both Frederick and Richard had to live on their own moral principles for them to succeed in life because they basically just had themselves to engage in reading and writing they were forced to learn everything on their own.Douglass and Wrights family had a huge impact on them because they held them back from learning, tearing obscure their sense of identity. Mrs. Auld was an apt woman, and the advice of her husband and her own experiences soon demonstrated to her entire satisfactory that education and slavery are incompatible with each other (Douglass 461).This made it hard for Frederick because he had no one to go to for learning. It is important to remember that for Frederick learning was n ot just a privilege, it was a passion. A passion is a powerful emotion, such as love, joy, hatred or anger. Taking away reading and writing from Frederick and Richard is like taking away food from sharp-set children. Fredericks family has an enormous impact on him because they steal this passion away from Frederick. Although Mrs. Auld stopped teaching Frederick, he still stated that she was caring, kind, and warm-hearted person. It took courage for her to teach him, but it also took courage for Frederick to still strive for his goals even if it was against the law. Unlike Frederick, Richard didnt have a person like Mrs. Auld to teach him to read and write all he has is himself. On a positive note, Richard did eventually get to attend school, which didnt come till later on in Fredericks behalf. Richards grandmother hindered his ability to learn because she thought that reading novels was a sin and that the only reading he should have been doing was in the bible.As crazy as this may be, it was true that Richards grandmother thought this way. Like Frederick, Richards motivation to fulfill his passion was being chopped into pieces, like your favorite piece of cake on a Sunday morning at church. Richards life in the city up north made it very difficult for him to afford anything. Without a family, Richard had to jump from job to job and steal from local places, such as the movie theatre, just to make a few bucks. It is hard to believe that somebody who stole food, was dirt poor, and could barely receive a healthy education would ever become such a great writer. Langston Hughes once said Hold fast to your dreams I believe Frederick and Richard both held fast to their dreams. These examples help to reflect on how both Frederick and Richards family held them both back from reading, tearing apart who they are at the same time. Forcing them to be someone they are not.The portrayal of people and events in both books is colored by the authors feelings. My life as a Negro in America had led me to feel that the problem of human unity was more important than bread, more important than physical biography itself for I felt that without a common bond uniting men there could be no living worthy of being called human (Wright 260). These deep, vast, and profound words show how Richard Wright felt about racism and the people involved in it. He often wondered wherefore people are who they are. This led him into states of confusion and mixed feelings about white people, and even black people. An example would be when Douglass states the differences of Mrs. Auld and him, he being a slave, her being a slave owner, really displayed how he felt about the incompatibility with education and slavery. As he reflects, My feelings were not the result of any marked cruelty in the treatment I received they sprung from the consideration of my being a slave at all.It was slavery-not the mere incidents-that I hated (Douglass 463).He obviously wasnt fond of the belief it sh owed how he colored her with his feelings and thoughts. Frederick also felt that Mrs. Auld was wonderful, but controlled by society. Society said that slaves couldnt get an education sadly, Mrs. Auld had to accept and tolerate the misunderstood beliefs society had. Another example of Richards portrayal of people which is colored by his feelings is when Richard portrays the characters Olin and Pease not just as cruel people, but as characters in a drama. This exhibits Richards deep feelings and thoughts of racist people. Both Richard and Frederick had an atypical outlook on the world they colored people and events other than than most others would color.I believe the authors show similarity and differences in one another in many ways. As I stated before triple of these ways are Family, desire for learning, and the way they portray people. Each author contains certain qualities which only few people have. Their views, feelings, and thoughts are comparable and contrastable, not one o r the other. Overall these writers are wonderful and inspiring, they learned by experience and held fast to their dreams.

Shaping, Chaining, and Reinforcement Schedules in Prison Essay

organization, Chaining, and backup Schedules in Prison A Review Shaping, chaining and backing schedules argon takeing theories utilise in operant conditioning to change individual behaviors. Shaping involves program line new behaviors in smells. An individual shapes their behaviors when they atomic number 18 remunerateed for completionly or perfectly mastering a step in the behaviors modification. Chaining is the links that are made from one step to another in the behavior modification. Reinforcement schedules are the rewards and punishments given when an individual masters or ref personas to master a step in the defining of a behavior.Operant conditioning incorporates the use of shaping, chaining and reinforcing behaviors in order to create a desirable end point in the behaviors of an individual. Shaping, chaining and backup schedules are utilized in schools, homes, and prison houses across the world. In the prison purlieu they are used to change inmates behaviors, an d help inmates get ready to reenter society as fecund members. Prisons utilize the various steps of operant conditioning to aide in changing all sorts of behaviors including yellow bile influencement. Shaping and ChainingShaping and chaining behavior is a key part of the learning theory known as operant conditioning. Operant conditioning Shaping takes place when an individual is rewarded for a acceptable response to a stimulus. In an resentment circumspection program an individual would be rewarded for the reaction to enkindle and the ability to manage evoke. An individual would be rewarded for managing anger when presented with stimuli that triggers anger and punished when failing to manage anger when presented with stimuli that trigger anger. At first then inmate might be reward for not becoming physically belligerent when presented with the stimuli that triggers anger.Over time the inmate would not be rewarded unless worry is displayed without verbal or physical aggressi on. The reward for the anger management displayed by inmates would decrease as the management techniques improve. Chaining would occur when the inmate is able to chance on from one step to another in their ability to manage their anger.Reinforcement SchedulesReinforcement schedules are the rewards and punishments utilized in conjunction with shaping and chaining in operant conditioning of behaviors.Rewards are utilized to encourage the chastise responses to stimuli while punishments are utilized to consequence or discourage any responses that are not close to the desired response to a stimulus. As an individual chains the responses and shapes anger management behaviors they are rewarded and learn to utilize anger management in place of old behaviors. The use of rewards is phased out when an individual utilizes the anger management responses instead of the originally responses to stimuli that create anger. Rewards and sanctions are key to shaping any behavior (Carey & Carter, 2009) . literature ReviewResearch shows that the utilization of official reinforcement in inmates produces lordly results in shaping behaviors (Thomas, 2001). check to Fishbein, Sheppard, Hyde, Hubal, Newlin, Serin, Chrousos, & Alesci Executive cognitive functioning and emotional regulation may play a key case in treatment responsively (2009 p.419). Burdon, St. De Lore & Prendergast report that behaviorally based protocol that involves the systematic application of positive reinforcement following demonstration of a desired behavior in drug treatment programs hire proved to promote the shaping of inmate behaviors (2012). Although historically sanctions have been used as the primary method to serve to or control offenders behavior, research indicates that positive reinforcement should be applied more frequently than shun reinforcement when trying to change behavior (Carey & Carter, 2009 p.9) Most experts in psychology and criminal justice fit out anger is problematic when it is to o frequent, too intense, too prolonged, or managed ineffectively (Smith, Smith & Beckner, 1994). Smith, Smith & Beckner dissertate a research study in which anger management workshops were utilized in a womens correctional facility (1994).In this study women were taught anger management skills over the duration of three sessions (1994). The inmates were taught anger management skills and reported feeling better about themselves and their ability to cope with stimuli that triggers anger (1994). Reinforcement schedules are shown to be more effective in women inmates (1994). Shaping of inmate behaviors in drug treatment programs with the use of reinforcement schedules have been researched and findings have been promising (Burdon, St. De Lore & Prendergast, 2012). The shaping of anger management behaviors in inmates is affirmable with positivereinforcement schedules. Inmates do well when positive reinforcements for behaviors are given (Seirn & Hanby, 2009). As Burdon, St. De Lore & Pr endergast explains, inmates are constantly being given punishments and acknowledged for the negative behaviors displayed (2009). When punishments are strip a expression replace with positive reinforcement there is a significant change in the behaviors established by inmates (Smith & Schweitzer, 2012). Individuals receiving positive attention of behaviors exhibit more positive behaviors to get the attention desired.The same can be said in the prison setting. Individuals need to be taught new ways to deal with anger, and the prison environment offers a unique environment to reshape the very behaviors and beliefs that contributed to an individual being placed in there. Inmates imprisoned for acts of violence due to the inadequacy of anger management skills will only reenter the prison system for the same acts if not taught a different way to cope with stimuli that triggers anger. Implementing anger management skills to inmates with anger management issues would reduce the likelihood of reentry. Shaping and chaining the way in which inmates respond to anger can result in lifelong effective implementation of anger management skills by inmates. Shaping would occur by first helping inmate identify stimuli that triggers anger. once inmates know what triggers anger, next the teaching of anger management skills can take place. When inmates utilize the anger management skills in place of the natural reaction for situations that trigger anger, rewards would be given. By implementing reinforcements for the utilization of anger management skills inmates learn the acceptable responses to stimuli of anger. The goal would be to effectively shape the anger management skills utilized by inmates without the need for reinforcement. For example, instead of becoming violent, an inmate would walk away.ConclusionThe utilization if positive reinforcement schedules have been proven to be effective in prisons across the United States. Anger management programs have not always proven t o be victoryful within prisons. Shaping and chaining of anger can be make within the prison system through the implementation of anger management workshops and reinforcements schedules. Several studies have shown the successes of positive reinforcement with inmates. Combining anger management shaping with reinforcement schedules could prove toincrease the likelihood of success in anger management programs offered to inmates.ReferencesButdon, W., St. De Lore, J., Prendergast, M. (2012). Developing and implementing a positive behavioral reinforcement intervention in prison-based drug treatment Project BRITE. Journal of Phychoactive Drugs, 7, 40-50 Retrieved from http//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3429341/ Casey, M., & Carter, M. Center for Effective Public Policy. (2009) Shaping offender behavior. Retrieved from http//www.cepp.com/documents/Shaping%20Offender%20Behavior.pdf Fishbein, D., Sheppard, M., Hyde, C., Hubal, R., Newlin, D., Serin, R., Chrousos, G., & Alesci, S. (20 09). Deficits in behavioral inhibition predict treatment engagement in prison inmates. Law and military personnel Behavior, 33(5), 419-35. doihttp//dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10979-008-9163-7 Serin, R., Hanby, L. Correctional Service Canada. (2009). Offender incentive and behavioural management. Retrieved from http//www.csc-scc.gc.ca/research/005008-0214-01-eng.shtml strategies. Smith, P. & Schweitzer, M. (2012). The therapeutic prison. Journal of modern-day Criminal Justice, 28(1), 7-22. doi 10.1177/1043986211432201 Thomas, S. P. (2001). Teaching healthy anger management. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care, 37(2), 41-8. Retrieved from http//search.proquest.com/docview/200754284?accountid=458

Human Computer Interaction and User Interface Design Essay

The two interfaces chosen for this project be two book selling sites LinkedIn. com and Orkut. com. The two websites ar accessible networking sites. While Orkut. com brings together friends and is more personal in nature, LinkedIn. com is more professional. Social networking sites being utmost(prenominal)ly popular, I chose to select these interfaces for comparison. LinkedIn has over 40 million professionals using it to Ex channelise development, ideas and opportunities Connect or re-connect with and deterrent informed unaired to their contacts and industry Find inside connections to chance on a in the altogether job or business opportunity Find the people and k at one timeledge required Have a controlled online professional individuation Orkut, on the some otherwise hand, lets you connect with people you al acquirey know in your personal life (friends and family) bit at the like time onlyowing you to advance new friends through friends of friends and communit ies. It totallyows sharing of videos, pictures as well as your passions with friends and communities. 2. Normans principles for favorable design Norman has suggested the following principles to ensure that a website has a good design VisibilityThe designer should ensure that the state of the possible actions faecal matter be easily unsounded by the drug drug user. Conceptual modelAll operations should be consistent in nature and the user should be able to easily understand how the site works and what plectrons are available to the user. MappingsThe user should be able to easily map actions with their results such as between controls and possible actions that can be interpreted on a control or between the system state and visible indicators like change of color or image. Feedback drug users should continuously get feedback on the results of their actions facilitateing them understand whether they contain taken the skillful step or not.3. User Interface overview 3. 1. Li nkedIn LinkedIn requires your name and electronic mail address to open an account site which you need to provide your current employment expand. These two pages are simple, similar to the Google search page look. once the registration is completed, LinkedIn takes you to your LinkedIn page. The homepage is divided into two percentages the crystalise section that consists of main golf associate to search people, jobs, answers and companies with comparatively enceinte bold letters and is separated from the bottom section by a profane line.On the by slumps corner, quick cogitate to the account and its settings, help language and the option to sign out are available. The top section has blue font with a lily- black-and-blue backcloth all through. This section in like manner consists of a search option to search people, job, companies, etcetera using a drop d avow box. The search option automatically changes to reflect the section it is in i. e. it says await People wh en in the Contacts page and Search Groups when in the Groups page. The bottom section has a colourise telescope and is divided into ternion parts.Each section on an individual basis has a white background and the sections are floating in the grey background. The bottom section makes the main work area consisting of the expound regarding the user write, contacts and groups. The left hand side frame provides options personal to the user which embroils viewing various lists such as groups joined, profile, contacts, inbox, and applications that help improve user experience with LinkedIn. These unifys are provided with images as well. These links get ahead provide links to options available such as My Groups, Groups Directory and Create a Group for the Groups menu.The submenus are not visible scarce can be seen on clicking the menu specific or clicking on the + symbol on the right side. The submenus can be collapsed by clicking the symbol that now appears instead of the + sy mbol. The link for the current page is highlighted with a blue background. In situation page, the words Home buzz off a blue background unlike the others with white background. At the end of the menu, in that location is a spill to add new connections. The button is of green color and attracts the worry towards it. Below this section is some other small section that is an assessment of profile completeness along with a photograph and name.The profile completeness is expressed in words as well as a status bar is shown that reflects the actual status. The name draws the attention with its bold font along with the status bar. The right side section consists of several mental facultys the main module being the Build your network in a green colored box that provides different options to find your contacts. The options include searching using web email contacts, address book contacts, or using email addresses. For web email contacts, again several options are provided as radio b uttons.Since each of these options require different inputs, selecting one shows a box with an arrow pointing towards the option selected and the inputs required are within this box. All buttons on the page have a light orange color which changes to blue on moving the common mackerel over it. All links within this module as well have an icon associated with it. In the peak right, there are several modules one below the other beginning with ads by LinkedIn Members. The remaining modules include featured application on LinkedIn, Reading List by Amazon, Events, Answers and Jobs.The inclinements in these modules are in white color on blue background. Text within these modules is in black color whereas links have blue color. Important words like subheadings, Member names, event names, etc. are appropriate make bold to highlight them. The events are represented with the date put in a box with grey background and the month above it in smaller font with orange background. Each module heading also consists of an edit link and an X to remove the module. At the end of these modules is the option to add other applications as required.Here again a plus symbol is used to indicate the adding of a new application. The arrow at the end can be clicked to show a list of applications available to be added but the arrow is too small and can be easily missed. These modules can be customized as required, adding, editing or moving them around to suit an individuals preferences and needs. At the bottom, there is a tip available in a box. More tips can be seen with the help of arrows. Here arrows that are commonly used to move to next or previous tip are used.Clicking on write or Edit My write or + symbol next to indite brings one to the Edit My Profile page. The Profile school text edition in the menu now has a blue background indicating the current page. The pith module that consisted of Build your Network is now replaced with the profile details with a heading Profile in navy blue background and two tabs Edit My Profile and View My Profile. The current tab is in white background whereas the inactive tabs are in grey background with text in blue. The module background is now blue with different subsections in white background.At the top the main details about the user is provided i. e. name, current position and conjunction, location and industry. The last two details are shown in grey color. The links are maintained in blue color, headings and subheadings in bold blue and a + symbol to indicate adding detail in any subsection. An Edit link within square brackets follows all text that can be edited. On the extreme right, a profile completeness status bar is shown but also lists tips on how one could complete the profile along with how much percentage difference it makes to the profile completeness status bar.This module is very helpful, especially for someone new to social networking sites. Clicking on View My Profile tab shows the profile with th e same details except that there are no Edit links or + symbols to add further details. The status bar is not seen in this view. Clicking on Contacts section leads to three tabbed page Connections, Imported Contacts and Network Statistics. The connections are shown listed alphabetically. On the left side, the alphabets are listed and can be clicked to derail to the connections with names starting with that alphabet.Brief details about each connection is provided including email, current position and company and also includes a circle that indicates the number of connections that person has, indicating the network you could be having. The Groups link leads you to the Groups page with quaternion tabs My Groups, Following, Groups Directory and Create a Group. The list of Groups is presented in a clean manner with an icon representing the group, quick links to discussions, news, updates, peniss, settings, etc. At the bottom of the list, there is an option to change the order of the groups and how legion(predicate) groups can be displayed at any one time.The order can be changed by writing the numbers or using arrows. On the right side of the list, two blue-colored boxes provide you knowledge on Groups Directory along with a button to find a group as well as option to create your own group. The buttons change color when a mouse moves over. While there are many more functionalities available, the user interface the Great Compromiser the same 1. Blue color for all links 2. Bold for all headings and subheadings 3. Icons/images to represent major menus or data 4. Tabs for sub menu information 5. Links provided to ease selection 6. grooming to add, remove, edit, or move extra modules around to ease access and utility. 7. Feedback to the user in terms of background color change for links and button color change for buttons 3. 2. Orkut To log into Orkut, one needs to have a Google Account. The page for creating Google Account is simple a form with a blue border r equesting for information like name, email and password with a line marking the end of this subsection. The next subsection begins with a word verification and terms of services provided in a blue scrollable box with grey background.The button for accepting the terms is simple and consists of full text I accept. Create my account. rather than simply say Accept which makes it clear for new-to- net profit users. The login page is simple with two main sections the top section consisting of all the details and the empty bottom section with bluish grey background. The major left part of the top section consists of orkut selling points with magenta color highlighting the main words. The empty white space surrounding the text gives it a simple, non-cluttered and pleasing look.The top menu bar in dark blue color remains accessible across all pages. Below this is a section with various modules in white background floating in a light blue background. On the extreme left is the menu startin g with photo, name, status and other details of the user. Below it is the menu leading to various pages such as profile, scrapbook, etc. Each of these menu items also have an associated icon that is easy to relate to the name of the menu. This is followed by Apps and other menu items. The profile, menus, apps and other menus are separated by a blue line.All text is also in blue. It is noteworthy that all the menu names are in lower caps. Below this module, there is a module to invite friends using their email address or more. All through the page, all links are in blue and when a mouse moves over a link, there is no change in background color or image except an underline below the text. relay station suggestions is another good option since it not only provides you potential friend list, but also shows photos so that one can confirm if he/she is the same person one knows. It also provides quick links to view the profile or add as a friend.An X at the top of the photo can be used to remove it from the list quickly and arrows can be used to navigate through the list. The arrows change to light grey color when one cant go further on either side. Below this is Updates from my friends section that provides a list of updates on the friend profile. On the extreme right is the my friends section with a count of total friends. It lists around 9 friends along with their photos and there is a link to view all friends, manage them, or find more friends. It also allows for searching friends.To abide the space crunch issue, the text box for searching itself has the caption rather than placing it outside. On clicking inside the text box, the caption clears and the user can add their text to search. Once the profile is filled up and many friends added, the home page can seem cluttered with a lot of information. This is followed by advertisement which is followed by my communities. The layout of this is similar to my friends. Clicking the profile link shows the profile deta ils. Three tabs social, professional, and personal are provided to add details about different areas of the user.The social tab is further divided into sections separated by a broad white area which also consists of an edit button. Alternate coloring pattern is used to make it easy to read each line and each detail of the profile. My scrapbook page provides all scraps from friends. By default, one can view 10 scraps on one page but a drop deal box provides other options as well. Navigation links to move to first, last, next and previous pages are also provided as links. Each scrap is in its own blue box with photo of friend provided along with friends name and message.Options to reply and delete the message are also available. Once a conversation has been done through more than one response exchanged, there is a new link View this conversation. Clicking this link grays out the page and opens a new box consisting of the conversation details along with provision to delete. Again, th e background is white with each scrap in a light blue colored box. To close the conversation box, an image with an X is provided as well as a close link. A new scrap can be typed in easily through a text box.Again there is no title or caption for the box but the same is seen as content in grey color within the text box. The scrap can also be written in different languages which can be conveniently chosen from the drop down list. Adding a fraternity and managing it is similar in working to adding and managing friends in Orkut. 4. User survey 4. 1. Task description The users are required to do the following 1. Register themselves 2. Sign In 3. Enter their profile details 4. Search for a friend/professional known to them 5. Add to friend list 6. Search for a community 7. Add themselves to that community8. Sign out 4. 2. Success criteria The user should be able to create a profile, add contact(s) and join a community/group. 4. 3. User Profile User 1 is an active internet user and has p rior online social networking experience. User 2 is new to computers and internet, this being amongst his first experience with social networking. User 3 uses internet mostly for surfing and finding information and has not been a member of any social networking site yet although understands the common functionalities of such websites such as registering, logging in to the site, searching, etc.4. 4. User experience Due to his prior experience using social networking sites, user 1 had no problem registering for either of them, adding contacts, searching and registering for a group. User 1 found both sites every bit easy to register, add contacts and join community however, he was impressed by the ability to add, remove, edit and move modules in LinkedIn and was looking for similar options in Orkut. Also, searching friends in Orkut listed several names and finding the right one was difficult.While user 2 was able to create the profile and add contacts, the user sometimes felt lost in O rkut once the contacts were added and found it difficult to get back to home page. User 2 also found it difficult to easily search the friend and wished there was an easy counseling like LinkedIn. User 3 was also able to register easily, add contacts and join communities/groups. User 3 was not concerned about the difficulties in searching friends or professionals and looked at this as an opportunity to make new friends.5. Suggestions Once a user becomes an active user or has many friends/professional contacts, the information shown on home page can be too much. Suggestion is to show the information partly and provide a link to further information or simply provide links to go to information. By making certain information like school or college details mandatory, orkut can help ease the search process that currently requires searching a friend from a list of hundreds with the same name.

Interperative Biography of Leonardo Da Vinci

E instructive Biography da Vinci public address system Vinci is considered one of the greatest geniuses of all time. He was the epitome of the term metempsychosis Man, which meaner a person with many talents. During the Italian Renaissance Dad Vines accomplish manpowerts endured from many fields much(prenominal) as anatomy, engineering, mathematics, nature ,philosophy, painting, sculpting and architecture. His achievements in these fields stem from an early age, Dad Vinci was an illegitimate child born(p) of Seer Piper, a notary, and Catering, a peasant woman who were unmarried.At the age of 15 Dad Vinci was send to Florence to be an Prentice of an aspiring subterfugeist named Overarching. This is where Dad Vines talent for painting was first seen it is state that Overarching was so impressed with da Vinci addition to Veronicas painting that he break his paint brushes and said I testament never paint again. According to Giorgio Vassar, Leonardo first demonstration of his tal ent in painting was opus he was an apprentice in Veronicas studio.Leonardo helped in painting Veronicas Baptism of Christ he painted the left pass on angel, which made the other figure look His contribution, the left-hand angel, made the other figures look bland and dull. It is said by Vassar that Overarching was so impressed by his apprentices painting that it was said that he took his paint brushes and snapped and said that he will never paint again since Dad Vinci surpassed him.After this stage in Dad Vines life he was accepted into the painters guild of Florence, a guild was a medieval association of craftsmen or merchants, often having sizeable power. After leaving Veronicas studio, Leonardo talent became widely known throughout Florence, however gained a constitution for not completing jobs he was commissioned. A commission that he received while in Florence was The idolization of the Magi in 1481 it was an essential operation for monks of San Donate from a monastery At Scope Leonardo left this bet undone in 1482 when he left for Milan.During his time in Milan he was commissioned another work which was from the Church of Francesco Grandee which asked him to paint The Virgin of the Rocks which was not done until twenty- five years belatedr. It was during this time period that he wrote to Duke Oxfords in which he stated that he was a military inventor and engineer that could make long-lived bridges and safe chariots, at the end of the letter he also stated that he was an architect, statue maker and a painter. An excerpt from Vicars book stated that He also painted in Milan, for the Friars of S.Dominic, at S. mare dell Gracie, a Last Supper, a most beautiful and marvelous thing and to the heads of the Apostles he gave such(prenominal)(prenominal) majesty and beauty, that he left the head of Christ unfinished, not believing that he was able to crap it that divine air which is essential to the image of Christ. This work, remaining thus all but f inished, has ever been held by the Melamine in the greatest veneration, and also by strangers as well for Leonardo imagined and succeeded in expressing that concern which had sized the Apostles in wishing to know who should betray their Master.For which reason in all their faces are seen love, fear, and wrath, or quite an, sorrow, at not being able to bring in the meaning of 550) this showed his artistic views and how he displayed images as an art master. Leonardo Last Supper, painted in Milan, is a brilliant summary of fifteenth-century trends in its organization of lacuna and use of perspective to depict subjects three-dimensionally in a two- dimensional medium. (Spiegel, 2009) Leonardo importance wasnt realized cashbox the high Renaissance where he was presented as a transitional figure in the shift to High Renaissance principles.He carried on the fifteenth- century experimental tradition by instructioning everything and even dissecting human bodies to see more clearly how nature worked. But Leonardo stressed the need to advance beyond such realism and initiated the High Renaissances preoccupation with the exemplificationization of nature, or the attempt to generalize from realistic act to an ideal form. (Spiegel, 2009) Leonardo exhibited a period of the Renaissance where artist act to make a realistic portrayal to an ideal portrayal.A description given by Giorgio Vassar in his biography of Leonardo Dad Vinci named The Genius of Leonardo Dad Vinci shows a firsthand source of how others thought of him In the normal course of events many men and women are born with various remarkable qualities and talents but occasionally, in a way that transcends nature, a single(a) person is marvelously endowed by heaven with beauty, grace, and talent in such abundance that he leaves other men far behind, all his actions seem inspired, and indeed everything he does clearly comes from God rather than from human art. (Vassar, 1 550) shows the respect that Leonardo received from there artist during his lifetime. Leonardo most famous work is the Mona Lisa which was commissioned by Francesco Del Giaconda to make a portrait his wife and after toiling oer it for four years, he left it unfinished. Leonardo had one of the greatest minds of the Italian Renaissance. He tried to understand the inner workings of nature. Majority of his inventions and scientific ideas were ahead of its time. Leonardo was one of the first people to study the f alight of birds and make an invention that modeled after how they glided in the wind.He also made drawings, schematics and designs for tanks, helicopters, and a parachute. Leonardo importance to art was even greater than his importance to science. He had a strong influence on many leading artists, including Raphael and Michelangelo. Leonardo balanced compositions and idealized figures became standard features of later Renaissance art. Painters also tried to imitate Leonardo knowledge of perspective and anatomy, and his accurate observations of nature. What most impresses people today is the wide range of Leonardo talent and achievements.He turned his attention to many subjects and mastered nearly all. His inventiveness, versatility, and wide-ranging intellectual quirkiness have made Leonardo a symbol of he Renaissance spirit. (Bin) Leonardo most important successes were the two techniques that he created which were suffuse and chiaroscuro. They are both painting techniques that deal with using shades of light and dark colors. Kauffman in painting or drawing, the fine shading that produces soft, imperceptible transitions between colors and tones. (Britannica) Chiaroscuro is a technique employed in the visual arts to represent light and shadow as they correct three-dimensional objects. Some evidence exists that ancient Greek and Roman artists used chiaroscuro effects, UT in European painting the technique was first brought to its full potential by Leonardo Dad Vinci in the late 1 5th century in such paintings as his Adoration of the Magi (1481). (Britannica) Other important successes that Dad Vinci made were in engineering advance defenses for Milan.While he was working on the last supper he also made plans for mortars, battering rams, scaling ladders halberds and other defenses. Leonardo had many inventions and designs that were not recognized till his notebook was found and deciphered. Dad Vines notebooks with his diagrams of engineering have drawings of the machines and brief notes that explain them. Dad Vinci was thorough in his anatomical reference diagrams and dissections, dissecting dead bodies were outlawed in Florence so that is why Dad Vinci was only allowed to perform dissections on criminals.

Article Summary Read-Only Participants: a Case for Student Communication in Online Classes

UNV-501 ARTICLE abbreviation Read-only participants a case for student communication in online classes Lavelle Figueroa Grand Canyon University Title UNV-5 Article stocky This is a summary of the bind titled Read-only participants a case for student communication in online classes argues that the appraise of communication in online mental facultys and the purpose of the success a apprentice experiences when they pass an online module.The main purpose of this article is find explanations, to some interests mentioned beforehand, the researchers conducted an eight week analysis of scholars of an online module. This analysis integrated the following strategy to strike online communication and classroom activity amongst scholars cultural diversity, geographical location and maturity two are the most important primary causal dynamics. Furthermore, the substantial data gathered by Nagel et al (2009) in their research describe the potential consequences of success and failures were d ocumented.Therefore, a successful completion of a online module they concluded the following foremost, modules that had discussion forums allows a scholarly proactive interaction with fellow scholars and the professor. Subsequently, this type of module facilitates and /or enriches the online learning environment of the scholars by generating queries and replies (e. g. , in the form of posts, assignments, etc) of high critical thinking skills.Furthermore, the third gear aspect we must consider when improving communication on our online module forums to enhance the online environment is creating vibrancy as intumesce as wholesome interaction. Last but not least important of all, is the appurtenant and wholesome interaction with the instructor that is enhanced within the online environment provided substantial responses to the inquiries formulated by the instructor and fellow scholars with substantive answers. Finally, the lack of communication within the online module experience will result in serious repercussions, toward successful completion of the module.Last but not least important, the researchers also concluded that a scholar does not successfully achieve their goal of completing their module due to the lack of communication amongst both scholars and the instructor greatly impact our overall performance. The aim of this article is the responsibility of proactive communication and plangency within the online module environment like described in the article written by Nagel et al (2009) titled read-only student.This kind of learner decides no proactively contribute to the online modules (e. g. discussion forums, teamwork, individual assignments as well as quizzes). For instance, this type of learner, only borrows the almost the same point of view of their fellow scholars and instructor without quoting their single responses or reactions or restraining their responses. Finally, the causal elements of this unhealthy attitude are procrastination, isolat ion, and/or unfamiliarity with technology (Nagel et al. 2009). in brief this research has concluded that proactive communication is a crucial element to successfully complete an online module. As a result, not participating proactively on the online module makes them read-only scholars. Bibliography Nagel, L. L. , Blignaut, A. S. , & Cronje, J. C. (2009). Read-only participants a case for student communication in online classes. Interactive Learning Environments,17(1), 37-51. doi10. 1080/10494820701501028